In March 2024, ConnectGen was acquired by Repsol and is now integrated into Repsol Renewables, headquartered in Houston, Texas. Based out of Madrid, Spain, the parent company Repsol is a multi-energy company committed to reaching net zero emissions by 2050. Today, Repsol has 750+ MW of operational solar energy projects across New Mexico and Texas, with a stated target of 7,800 MW of renewable energy projects in operation in the US by 2030. The Lava Run Wind & Solar projects are a strategic part of this plan.

Solar photovoltaic (“PV”) panels typically consist of tempered glass, aluminum, copper, and semiconductor materials. Semiconductor materials have has conductive properties that allow it to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. Upon interaction with light, electrons are set into motion, which initiates a flow of electric current in a process known as the “photovoltaic effect.”¹

A solar farm is a large group of solar panels that operate together as one power generation facility, delivering electricity to the existing electric grid. Solar farms are typically arranged in parallel rows with approximately 8 feet wide access buffers between each row.

A panel array, which includes both PV panel and rack mounting, typically stands around 12 feet tall. The mounting racks are supported by steel pile foundations generally set up to 8 feet into the ground without the use of concrete. Panel designs currently being evaluated by Repsol Renewables include single-axis tracking mounting, which rotate slowly from east to west once a day, keeping the sun at a 90-degree angle from the panels to ensure maximum energy is absorbed. Repsol Renewables monitors technology improvements and will incorporate improved design as appropriate which may affect solar array dimensions. Each section of solar panels is typically fenced off to ensure security and safe operation.

Other project infrastructure present at a solar farm includes common electrical equipment such as inverters and transformers and the electrical equipment necessary to deliver energy to the existing electrical grid such as underground and overhead transmission lines.

New York State requires that major renewable energy facilities, including solar farms with a nameplate generation capacity of 25MW or more, undergo a rigorous state permitting process, prior to construction and operation. The Harvest Hills Solar Project will obtain a Siting Permit from the Office of Renewable Energy Siting (ORES) in accordance with new regulations promulgated pursuant to New York State Executive Law Article VIII. ORES will establish Uniform Permit Standards and Conditions outlining rigorous requirements for the study of the environmental, public health, and public safety impacts as well as the incorporation of extensive public input and local stakeholder engagement into the development, design, and construction of solar energy projects like the Harvest Hills Solar Project.

Repsol Renewables expects to pay millions of dollars per year directly to host and neighboring landowners through lease, easement, and neighbor agreements. These landowners, in turn, will use this money to reinvest in new farm equipment or home improvements, which will generate additional income for the local Towns and County in assessed property taxes and sales tax.

The Harvest Hills Solar Project represents a substantial capital investment, which will result in a significant increase in Cayuga County’s taxable property base. The Harvest Hills Solar Project will increase revenues to Cayuga County taxing jurisdictions, totaling millions of dollars over the life of the project. Cayuga County and the Southern Cayuga Central School District have the opportunity to directly benefit from millions of dollars in increased revenues, which can be used to fund road upgrades, schools, public safety, and other critically important public services at no cost to the taxpayers and homeowners of Cayuga County.

Further, the Harvest Hills Solar Project will support hundreds of family-wage construction jobs, providing opportunities for local contractors and workers to participate in the project. These are jobs that can help retain young people in Cayuga County and the surrounding area by offering them a broader range of well-paying employment opportunities. The Harvest Hills Solar Project will also support local businesses in Cayuga County by increasing activity among local hotels and motels, gas stations, restaurants, equipment rentals, materials suppliers, and other similar businesses.

Solar projects are low impact and coexist well with agriculture, operating without any impact to adjacent agricultural properties. During the solar project’s 30 year or more lifespan, the land hosting the project gets a recovery period, allowing the soil to restore fertility and rebuild. Native vegetation can grow under the panels, allowing the land to retain water and topsoil and improving soil health over time, which can increase the productivity and value of the land for agriculture in the future.² In addition, a solar project can offer a consistent, weather-resistant source of income for rural farmers and their local economies, providing an alternative “crop” that diversifies farmers’ revenues.

The construction, post-construction restoration, and decommissioning of the Harvest Hills Solar Project will be conducted in accordance with the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets “Guidelines for Solar Energy Projects – Construction Mitigation for Agricultural Lands” to mitigate potential construction impacts to agricultural land in the project footprint. Further, Repsol Renewables will implement a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP), which will outline Repsol Renewables’ plans for sediment and erosion controls to manage both the amount and composition of any stormwater discharged from the project site. There are no anticipated stormwater runoff issues for land hosting or adjacent to panel areas.

At the end of the solar project’s useful life, the project is decommissioned, and the land can be returned to agricultural use.³ 

Solar power is now one of the cheapest new sources of electricity in most of the world due to declining equipment costs, improved technologies, and public policy supporting the procurement of renewable energy across the country.⁴

In the last decade, the cost to install solar has dropped by more than 70%, and as of Q3 2020, prices are at their lowest historical level across all market segments.⁵ According to Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis – Version 14.0 (2020), even without tax credits, new solar resources have a levelized cost of energy in the range of 3.1¢/kWh – 4.2¢/kWh for large-scale crystalline solar. This range falls below the levelized cost of energy for new coal or gas combined cycle power production.⁶ These results have been bolstered by the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2020,⁷ which found that “For projects with low-cost financing that tap high-quality resources, solar photovoltaic (PV) is now the cheapest source of electricity in history.”⁸

Adding to the growing appeal, solar energy is uniquely able to offer electricity at a fixed-price contract over the life of the project. Solar energy has no fuel cost and therefore no fuel price risk, allowing it to act as a hedge against future volatility of natural gas prices.⁹ Levelized power purchase agreements for commercial-scale solar projects fell to $24/MWh in 2019, down 17% from 2018 and more than 80% since 2010.¹⁰

Repsol Renewables will be fully responsible for maintaining the solar farm and associated equipment, as well as the property within the Harvest Hills Solar Project’s boundaries. Landscape maintenance at the solar farm will be performed by companies contracted directly by Repsol Renewables.

Yes, this solar project will pay millions of dollars in taxes starting on day one of operation and continuing throughout the life of the project.

Yes. Solar panel materials are enclosed with glass and do not mix with water or vaporize into the air, so there is little to no risk of chemicals being released into the environment during normal use.

Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) are present everywhere in our environment, including TV antennas, radio signals, Wi-Fi, cell phones, and common household appliances.¹¹ EMF emissions from solar panel systems are non-ionizing and in the same extremely low frequency range as those induced by household appliances.¹²

All solar facilities are designed to strict electrical safety standards to ensure safe operation. Product safety standards, installation requirements, and building codes for solar facilities are addressed by the National Fire Protection Agency’s National Electrical Code, the International Code Council’s International Fire Code, the International Association of Firefighters, and several other national, state and local safety and product standards groups.¹³

Solar farms are designed with lightning protection on all system components, which protect against damage in the event of a lightning strike. The ground grid will be designed in consideration of the conductivity of soils in the area as well as any other nearby conductive materials that are buried or connected to the ground, such as water or natural gas pipes.

Temporary, elevated noise levels may occur during the construction phase of a solar farm, but once construction is complete, an operating solar farm emits minimal noise during the day and is dormant at night. Repsol Renewables is committed to taking steps to minimize and mitigate visual impacts of the project through vegetative buffers and setbacks from property lines, which will provide additional sound dampening benefits, as well.

Repsol Renewables’ lease agreement states that the company is responsible for the decommissioning and removal of project infrastructure at the end of the project’s life.

Additionally, New York State will require a Decommissioning and Restoration Plan be put in place as part of the Article VIII permitting process. The Decommissioning and Restoration Plan will outline the various ways in which Repsol Renewables will safely and responsibly remove installed solar equipment and how the property within the project area will be restored as close as possible to its pre-construction state. As required under Article VIII, Repsol Renewables will put financial security in place early in the life of the project to ensure that host communities and landowners will bear no responsibility for decommissioning or restoration costs.

Repsol Renewables expects to use approximately 1,500 to 2,000 acres for the Harvest Hills Solar project, wholly located within the towns of Genoa and Venice in Cayuga County. Construction of solar projects is generally low impact and does not typically require significant site work or soil disturbance. Repsol Renewables aims to further minimize potential environmental impacts by avoiding wetlands, limiting tree clearing, and working with participating farmers to utilize less productive agricultural fields.

Solar power is a reliable source of energy, with solar projects being installed in all 50 states across the US.¹⁴ New York State, which has a considerable amount of solar potential, has consistently been in the top 10 US solar markets and is projected to install 4,367 megawatts (MW) over the next five years, all above the 40th parallel.¹⁵

A solar project will produce power most days of the year, even under cloudy conditions, and in some cases, clouds can result in better panel performance. Further, a recent industry trend is the use of bifacial solar panels, which have solar cells that capture sunlight from the front of the panel as well as sunlight that is reflected off the ground. These panels have been shown to yield 11% more energy than standard solar panels in a tilted, ground-mounted solar installation.¹⁶ We are in the process of collecting a years’ worth of on-site solar and weather data in the project area, which will be utilized to confirm that the solar resource in Genoa and Venice can support solar project operations.

No electricity source runs 100% of the time, including coal, gas, and nuclear plants. While solar is variable as a power resource, its variability can be predictably forecast and used to complement other generation sources. Grid operators have decades of experience managing changes in supply and demand, including the gradual, predictable changes in solar output.¹⁷

Solar projects do not burn fossil fuels to generate electricity, and as a result, do not emit any air pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, or particulate matter. Both fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel power technologies induce life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions that stem from the energy requirements for their construction and operation. Known as a “carbon debt”, this debt of energy must be paid off to calculate how solar projects reduce emissions over their lifetime. A typical utility-scale solar project repays its carbon footprint in roughly 12 months or less,¹⁸ allowing them to provide decades of zero emission energy.

For nearly 100 years, the federal government has supported energy innovation through various forms of tax incentives and other financial tools. The Federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC) is one of the most important federal policy mechanisms to support the growth of solar energy in the US. It is a 30% Federal tax credit, as opposed to a subsidy, for investment into solar project infrastructure on both residential and commercial properties. The tax credit was created in 2005 when the 2005 Energy Policy Act was passed by a Republican-controlled Congress and enacted by George W. Bush. It was extended in 2015 with bipartisan support.¹⁹

While solar power currently benefits from the ITC, it represents only a small fraction of the money U.S. spent each year on incentivize fossil fuels. Over the last century, more than $500 billion in tax incentives and other financial tools has been spent on the energy industry.²⁰ According to the Nuclear Energy Institute and other third-party sources, the breakdown of all federal energy incentives is as follows²¹:

• 65% to fossil fuels
• 21% to nuclear
• 8% to wind
• The remaining 12% is split between solar and all other forms of renewable energy, including biofuels

With over 85% of these incentives going to fossil fuel and nuclear energy, solar power only receives a benefit of mere cents on the dollar comparatively. And even without tax credits, new solar resources have a levelized cost of energy that falls below the levelized cost of energy for new coal or gas combined cycle power production.²²

Prior to operation, we will develop an Emergency Response Plan in accordance with industry best practices, which will outline the response procedures to be employed should an emergency arise at the project site. We will work closely and collaboratively with the local departments and authorities. We provide pre-construction training to all emergency response personnel, which includes a description of the facility, any potential construction risks, and the role of emergency responders should an incident occur. After construction is complete, we will host the emergency response personnel for a site visit to make sure they are familiar with the system and our Emergency Response Plan.

Property value studies conducted across the country have shown that proximity to large-scale solar projects does not measurably impact property values or deter the sale of agricultural or residential land.  For example:

• A study conducted across Illinois determined that the value of properties within one mile increased by an average of two percent after the installation of a solar project.²³
• A study of five counties in Indiana indicated that upon completion of a solar project, properties within two miles were an average of two percent more valuable compared to their value prior to installation.²⁴
• An appraisal spanning from North Carolina to Tennessee shows that properties adjoining solar projects match the value of similar properties that do not adjoin solar projects within one percent.²⁵

Mounted solar projects are typically no more than 12 feet high, emit minimal noise, and are designed in accordance with strict electrical safety standards to ensure safe operation. In addition, we can take steps to minimize and mitigate the visual impacts of the project through vegetative buffers and setbacks from property lines.

Solar leases offer a viable, long-term revenue stream to landowners. Lease payments are stable and predictable, can protect against fluctuating commodity prices, and allow landowners to diversify their income, which can help maintain and preserve their properties.

Yes. During construction, Repsol Renewables will coordinate with participating landowners to ensure that hunting activities are conducted in a safe manner while construction workers are on-site. Once operational, hunting will no longer be allowed within panel areas, but landowners will be able to hunt on parcels around the project area without restriction. Limited fencing, a security measure put in place in accordance with industry best practices and local requirements, will be erected around panel areas. Collection easements between panel areas will not be fenced to allow wildlife to traverse these corridors without disruption.

Repsol Renewables will develop and implement a Vegetation Management Plan that establishes vegetation goals and identifies the specific treatments that may be used to ensure safe and reliable operation of the facility. Common practices to control and manage vegetation will involve mechanized and agrarian means; however, herbicides may be employed, depending on the target plant species, land use activities and landowner input. Repsol Renewables is committed to the conscientious use of appropriate management techniques to control vegetation in a way that is designed to minimize the risk of unreasonable adverse effects on human health and the environment.

PV panels are designed to last more than 25 years, and many manufacturers offer performance guarantees backed by warranties.²⁸ Repsol Renewables anticipates that the panels used for the Harvest Hills Solar Project will have a useful life of at least 30 years. Like many other durable products and construction materials, solar equipment can last for decades with proper maintenance, of which they require very little due to the presence of very few, if any, moving parts.²⁹ Proper operations and maintenance can increase efficiency, extend a project’s lifetime, and ensure safety.³⁰ Prior to construction, the Harvest Hills Solar Project will develop and implement an Operations and Maintenance Plan based on industry best practices and site-specific environmental conditions.

Solar PV panels typically consist of glass, polymer, aluminum, copper, and semiconductor materials,³¹ which can be safely disposed of in landfills at the end of the project life. In addition, recycling technologies have emerged in the last several years that have enabled these materials to be recovered and recycled at the end of their useful life.³² PV solar panel recycling technologies have been put in place over the last decade that have been shown to recover over 95% of semiconductor materials and over 90% of the glass in the panel.³³ In other cases, solar PV components can be reused or refurbished to have a “second life” of generating electricity.³⁴ The industry continues to work with recycling partners and to research and explore additional cost-effective recycling technologies.³⁵